Introduction

 

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is among the most commonly utilized medicinal plants in Ayurveda. It belongs to the Liliaceae family and is a climbing plant with a short, tuberous rootstock that gives rise to numerous succulent, tuberous roots. The plant was first documented botanically in 1799. Globally, there are over 300 species of Asparagus, with 22 species identified in India. Asparagus racemosus is distributed worldwide, including in tropical Africa, Australia, Sri Lanka, Java, southern China, and India; however, it is predominantly cultivated in India [1].The term Shatavari translates to ‘curer of a hundred diseases’ (shat: hundred and vari: curer) and is also referred to as Satavar, Shatavari, or Shatamull [2]. In Sanskrit, the name shatavari means ‘capable of having one hundred husbands,’ and in Ayurveda, this remarkable herb is often called the “queen of herbs” [3].The plant is characterized by its small, uniform, pine needle-like leaves, delicate white flowers, and clustered finger-like roots [2]. Shatavari serves as a revitalizing tonic for the entire body and is particularly valued for its benefits to female reproductive health. It is recognized as a female rejuvenative and is often recommended for conditions such as recurrent miscarriages, uterine weakness, and excessive menstrual bleeding. This herb exhibits a wide range of medicinal properties, functioning as a galactagogue, antitussive, antioxidant, adaptogen, antibacterial, immune modulator, digestive aid, antioxytocic, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, and sexual tonic [4]. It also possesses diuretic properties [1]. Furthermore, Asparagus racemosus is known for its anti-allergic,antidiabetic,  antineoplastic,  and hepatoprotective effects. It enhances immune function and demonstrates anti-arthritic,anti-ulcerogenic, antistress,  anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antipyretic, anti-abortifacient, and analgesic activities [5].Given its extensive medicinal properties, Shatavari has also gained attention for its potential benefits in veterinary care. In particular, its natural galactagogue and uterine tonic qualities may offer significant health advantages for dogs and cats, especially for lactating mothers and female pets with reproductive concerns.This article will explore how Shatavari can be incorporated into pet wellness, highlighting its multitude of therapeutic applications and its potential role in enhancing the overall vitality and longevity of companion animals.

 

Phytochemical Composition of Shatavari

 

Shatavari is rich in macrominerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron, as well as microminerals including manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc,and chromium. It was found that Shatavari root contains 4.60–6.10% protein, 36.80–47.50% carbohydrates, 3.10–5.20 mg/g phenols, 4.80–5.10 mg/g tannins, 4.10% saponins, and 6.50–7.40% ash [6]. Additionally, researchers identified several beneficial phytochemicals in Shatavari root, such as phytosterols, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid  [6] [7]. The primary bioactive compounds in Asparagus racemosus are steroidal saponins, specifically Shatavarins I-IV, which are concentrated in the roots. Recent studies have also demonstrated its immunomodulatory effects against specific T-dependent antigens in immunocompromised animals. Phytochemicals derived from different parts of the Asparagus racemosus plant contribute significantly to its medicinal properties. The roots contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including rutin, asparagamine A, 9,10-dihydro-1,5-methoxy-quercetin-3-glucuronides, 8-methyl-2,7-phenanthrenediol, racemofuran, Shatavarins I-IV, immunoside, racemosal, sterols, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, isoflavones, lactones, and amino acids [1]. In addition to these root-derived compounds, other important phytochemicals are present in different parts of the plant. The flowers and fruits contain quercetin, rutin, and hyperoside, while the leaves are rich in diosgenin and quercetin-3-glucuronide, both of which contribute to the plant’s pharmacological properties [2].

 

Benefits of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)

 

Galactagogue Effect for Improved Lactation and Quality

 

Galactogogues are compounds that stimulate milk production in lactating animals by primarily increasing prolactin levels, a crucial hormone in milk synthesis. During parturition, a decline in progesterone levels initiates lactogenesis, the process of milk production. Although prolactin levels naturally decrease over time, milk secretion is sustained through local feedback mechanisms. The anterior pituitary gland plays a vital role in mammary gland development and lactation, while the availability of hormones such as oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol, and gastrointestinal hormones further supports milk production [2].The galactagogue effects of Shatavari have been studied extensively in both humans and animals . Research has shown that Shatavari supplementation leads to elevated plasma prolactin levels in buffaloes, resulting in increased milk production. Studies conducted on rats investigated the effects of two different Shatavari preparations, namely milk and aqueous decoctions, and found that both formulations significantly boosted milk production and pup weight gain. In humans, Shatavari has demonstrated the ability to enhance plasma prolactin levels, leading to improvements in maternal and infant body weight, further confirming its role as a potent galactagogue[8]

Several studies have investigated the impact of Shatavari supplementation on lactating animals, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing milk production. A research found that administering 50 g/day of Shatavari for 60 days resulted in a 9.90% increase in milk yield in buffaloes and a 12.72% increase in cows [9]. Additionally, it was observed that supplementing Shatavari improved the fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat (SNF) content of milk  [10]. It was  also noted that Shatavari supplementation during the transition and postpartum period in Murrah buffaloes led to a 10.68% rise in milk production [6] [11]. Given these findings, Shatavari could potentially benefit lactating pets such as dogs and cats by enhancing milk quality and supporting adequate nourishment for newborns. A study conducted on cows assessed the effects of Shatavari root powder supplementation on milk composition during the summer months. Twenty lactating cows were divided into two groups: a control group (T1) and a treatment group (T2), with the treatment group receiving 50 g of Shatavari root powder daily for 90 days postpartum. Although no significant differences were observed in milk fat, protein, or lactose levels between the groups, the supplemented group exhibited significantly higher  levels of solid-not-fat (SNF) and total solids compared to the control group [12]. This suggests that Shatavari supplementation may enhance milk composition by increasing its solid content, which could be advantageous for lactating pets, ensuring their offspring receive nutrient-rich milk for optimal growth and development. Another study evaluated the effects of Shatavari supplementation on lactating buffaloes and found a notable increase in milk yield in the supplemented group compared to the control. The study also reported a higher milk fat content in the supplemented group, concluding that Shatavari supplementation enhances both milk production and fat content [13]. This suggests that similar benefits could be observed in lactating pets, particularly in species where milk fat content is crucial for neonatal health, such as puppies and kittens.

Role in Managing Mastitis

 

The  effects of Shatavari supplementation were investigated in dairy animals and it was discovered that it significantly reduced inflammation while enhancing immune function. The study reported a decrease in somatic cell counts and a lower incidence of mastitis, indicating that Shatavari exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. Although this research was conducted on livestock, the findings suggest that Shatavari may offer comparable benefits for pets, particularly in addressing inflammatory conditions and boosting overall immune health. Given its potential to support immune function, Shatavari could be a valuable natural supplement for managing conditions like mastitis in lactating pets or aiding in the recovery of pets with weakened immune systems. However, further research is needed to determine its specific effects in species such as dogs and cats [14].

 

Antimicrobial Activity

 

Studies have shown that Shatavari extracts exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities [15]. A crude methanol extract derived from Shatavari roots has been found to be effective against various bacterial strains. Additionally, root extracts have been tested for antifungal properties against Candida , Malassezia furfur, and M. globosa demonstrating considerable antifungal potential [16]. Further studies have evaluated crude extracts from Shatavari leaves, which were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and Candida utilis. The methanolic extract was found to possess significant antibacterial efficacy [17]. Root extracts tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have shown considerable antimicrobial activity, with ethanolic extracts demonstrating effectiveness comparable to gentamycin, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus [18]. Methanol extracts also displayed strong anticandidal activity. These findings suggest that Shatavari extracts could serve as an alternative or supplementary approach to conventional treatments for microbial infections [15]. Given its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, Shatavari may be beneficial for pets suffering from bacterial or fungal infections, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as skin infections, gastrointestinal disorders, or wounds caused by microbial pathogens. However, further research is needed to determine optimal dosages and formulations for veterinary applications.

 

Anti-ulcer activity

 

Shatavari has demonstrated significant anti-ulcer activity, showing promising results in reducing gastric secretion, ulcer patches, and free acidity when compared to Ranitidine. A formulation of A. racemosus administered at a dosage of 1.5 g twice daily for a month led to a notable improvement in peptic ulcer symptoms, with endoscopic verification confirming ulcer healing [5]. Given these gastroprotective properties, Shatavari may also be beneficial for pets suffering from gastric ulcers, particularly in animals prone to stress-induced gastrointestinal issues such as dogs and cats. Its soothing and healing effects on the digestive system could serve as a natural alternative or complementary treatment for pets with ulcerative conditions, though further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and appropriate dosing in veterinary applications.

 

Adaptogenic Activity

 

Shatavari is widely recognized as an adaptogen that enhances the body's resistance to stress. Adaptogenic substances help counteract physical, chemical, or biological stressors by promoting non-specific resistance. Studies have demonstrated that an aqueous extract of the whole plant, when administered orally to animals exposed to stress, exhibited protective effects based on various stress markers [21]. Furthermore, Shatavari supplementation has been found to reverse biochemical, physiological, and behavioral disturbances caused by chronic stress [22].  Asparagus racemosus, along with other Ayurvedic herbs like Chlorophytum arundinaceum and Asparagus adscendens, has been used traditionally for promoting general health and alleviating stress. In a mouse stress model, methanol and aqueous root extracts of Shatavari inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, suppressed nitric oxide production, and regulated IL-2 levels in lymphoma cells. Additionally, corticosterone levels in serum and adrenal glands further validated its anti-stress activity [23].Given these findings, Shatavari may also serve as a natural stress reliever for pets, potentially helping animals experiencing anxiety, environmental stress, or physiological imbalances due to chronic stress conditions.

 

Gastro-intestinal Effects

 

Shatavari has long been recognized in Ayurveda for its effectiveness in managing digestive disorders, including indigestion  and gastric ulcers. It is known to alleviate discomfort such as pain and burning sensations commonly associated with duodenal ulcers . Research suggests that Shatavari root powder promotes gastric motility, functioning similarly to metoclopramide, a medication used to enhance digestion by accelerating gastric emptying. Additionally, its protective properties help strengthen the stomach lining, reducing ulcer formation.The gastroprotective effects of Shatavari are primarily attributed to its ability to enhance mucus production in the stomach, which reinforces the mucosal barrier and prolongs cell survival. This increased secretion helps minimize damage by preventing the backflow of hydrogen ions, thereby reducing irritation. Another potential mechanism suggests that Shatavari interacts with gastric mucus or other protective compounds at the ulcer site, forming a barrier against digestive acids and enzymes. Additionally, its protective action resembles that of prostaglandins, which play a crucial role in maintaining stomach lining integrity[16]. These qualities make it a promising herbal option for pets suffering from acid reflux, gastric ulcers, or other digestive issues, offering a natural alternative to conventional treatments.

 

Effect on Reproduction

 

Shatavari is widely recognized in Ayurveda as a powerful female tonic, supporting reproductive health and overall well-being [19]. Shatavari , whose name translates to "hundred husbands" in Sanskrit, has been traditionally recognized for its role in enhancing female reproductive health. It has been used to manage various reproductive concerns, including menstrual irregularities dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and conditions like endometriosis. Additionally, it supports fertility by nourishing reproductive tissues, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, preventing miscarriages, and acting as a postpartum tonic that enhances lactation and normalizes uterine function . The ability of Shatavari to influence female reproductive health is attributed to its role in stimulating ovarian tissues and the endometrial lining, regulating menstrual cycles, and improving ovulation. Studies indicate that it helps balance key reproductive hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in improved conception rates [3]. Shatavari is particularly valued for its phytoestrogenic properties, which make it an effective hormonal modulator. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds that resemble ovarian and placental estrogens, allowing them to influence reproductive cycles and the development of the female genital tract, pituitary, and mammary glands. Shatavari root extract has demonstrated mammotropic and lactogenic effects in both normal and estrogen-primed animals, increasing mammary gland weight and stimulating uterine growth due to its potential interaction with corticoids and prolactin. [16]. Additionally, a combination of Shatavari root powder and Aloe dried pulp powder has been found to enhance conception rates post-artificial insemination [16]. Improved reproductive outcomes have also been observed in goats supplemented with Shatavari [24]. The plant is also known to exert estrogen-like effects on the uterus and has been demonstrated to be beneficial in treating dysmenorrhea and irregular uterine bleeding [20]. Furthermore, its immunomodulatory effects contribute to faster uterine recovery after birth, stimulation of ovarian activity, and improved uterine tone, leading to quicker estrus initiation [25] [26]. These findings suggest that Shatavari could serve as a beneficial supplement for improving reproductive performance in female pets, aiding in faster postpartum recovery, fertility enhancement, and estrous cycle regulation.Shatavari’s impact on fertility is linked to its ability to restore hormonal balance, maintain optimal vaginal pH for sperm motility, and reduce miscarriage risk. During pregnancy, it supports fetal health and may lower the chances of spontaneous abortion, making it a valuable natural supplement for reproductive health [16]. Given these effects, its application in veterinary care could extend to pets, potentially aiding in hormonal regulation, reproductive success, and post-pregnancy recovery in breeding animals.

 

Antihepatotoxic Activity

 

The alcoholic extract of Shatavari root has demonstrated hepatoprotective effects by significantly reducing elevated levels of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage. These findings indicate that Shatavari possesses liver-protective properties, potentially aiding in liver function recovery and reducing hepatic stress [23] [27]. Given its hepatoprotective nature, Shatavari could be beneficial for pets suffering from liver-related disorders, helping to maintain liver health and improve overall metabolic function.

 

Antioxidant Activity

 

Shatavari extract has demonstrated significant antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage by inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation, preserving protein thiols, and maintaining antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. [1] [28]. In experimental studies, rats administered a methanolic extract of 100 mg/kg for 15 days exhibited improved antioxidant defenses, with increased levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbic acid, along with a reduction in lipid peroxidation. These effects are attributed to the presence of isoflavones such as racemofuran, asparagamine A, and racemosol, which contribute to its potent antioxidant properties [3]  [29] [30]. Given its strong antioxidant potential, Shatavari may be beneficial for pets by supporting cellular health, reducing oxidative stress, and potentially slowing down age-related degenerative processes.

 

Anticancer activity

 

Shatavari root extract exhibits potential in protecting against breast cancer. The steroidal compounds present in Shatavari have been investigated for their role in promoting tumor cell apoptosis. Among these, Shatavarins, particularly Shatavarin IV, have demonstrated notable anticancer effects against breast cancer, colon cancer[28]. Research on Shatavari-derived Shatavarins has indicated their efficacy in combating various human cancer cell lines, as well as their therapeutic potential in tumor-bearing rats [31]. These studies highlight the possibility of utilizing Shatavari in cancer prevention and treatment strategies

 

Antiurolithiatic activity

 

The ethanolic extract of Shatavari has been shown to significantly reduce serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, urea, and creatinine in mice, suggesting its potential in managing urolithiasis [32]. These findings indicate that Shatavari may serve as a natural therapeutic option for urinary stone-related conditions by regulating mineral concentrations and supporting kidney function.

 

Cardiovascular effects

 

Shatavari root extract has been found to enhance cholesterol excretion, neutral sterol and bile acid elimination, as well as hepatic bile acid content in hypercholesterolemic mice, indicating its potential in supporting cardiovascular health by regulating lipid metabolism and promoting bile acid secretion [15]. Additionally, a herbomineral formulation containing Shatavari has been reported to be effective in managing hypercholesterolemia and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease [33]

 

Antitussive effect

 

The methanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus roots, administered demonstrated significant antitussive properties in mice. This study compared the effects of Shatavari extract with codeine phosphate, a well-established antitussive drug, highlighting its potential as a natural alternative for cough suppression [34].

 

Anti-inflammatory effects

 

Shatavari root extract exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing tissue weight, inflammatory cytokines, and myeloperoxidase activity, indicating its effectiveness in reducing inflammation [23]. Its aqueous extract has been shown to diminish skin thickness and lower inflammation markers, further supporting its therapeutic potential [35]. Additionally, Shatavari helps combat chronic inflammation and minimizes vascular permeability in rats, reinforcing its traditional Ayurvedic use in managing inflammatory conditions [15].

 

Aphrodisiac activity

 

The aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus, when studied alongside Chlorophytum borivilianum and Curculigo orchioides rhizomes, demonstrated notable effects on sexual behavior in male albino rats. Compared to the control group, rats treated with A. racemosus extract exhibited increased body and reproductive organ weight, suggesting an anabolic impact. The extract significantly enhanced sexual performance by shortening ejaculation latency, post-ejaculatory latency, mount latency, and intromission latency while increasing mount frequency. Additionally, it improved penile erection, showing effects comparable to those of testosterone [23].

 

Feed Intake and Body Condition

 

A study examined the impact of Shatavari supplementation on feed consumption and body condition in lactating cattle. Cows that received Shatavari for 60 days showed a marked increase in dry matter intake compared to the control group. Furthermore, the supplemented group experienced greater body weight gain and an enhanced body condition score, indicating potential benefits for overall health and productivity [4].

 

Immunomodulatory Activities:

 

Shatavari dried root powder has been found to support immune function by reducing inflammatory responses and enhancing the body's ability to fight infections, tumors, and immune deficiencies. Research suggests that it may boost the production of protective antibodies in response to certain vaccines, while also strengthening cell-mediated immunity to provide defense against bacterial, viral, and other illnesses. Studies have explored the role of Shatavari root extract in improving both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, leading to greater resistance against infections [8].

 

Antidiabetic Activity

 

Shatavari root extract has been found to enhance insulin secretion from the pancreas cells, with certain active compounds promoting this effect while others exhibit an inhibitory influence. The extract also elevates intracellular calcium levels, which plays a role in insulin release. Additionally, when administered orally, Shatavari extract improved  tolerance of glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. It effectively reduced postprandial blood sugar spikes following sucrose consumption by increasing the amount of unabsorbed sucrose in the stomach, suggesting its potential for managing blood sugar levels [20].

 

 

Conclusion

 

In conclusion, Shatavari stands out as a valuable natural supplement for pets, particularly for lactating mothers due to its potent galactagogue properties. By enhancing milk production and supporting hormonal balance, it ensures better nourishment for newborns while also promoting maternal health. Its additional benefits, such as immune support and digestive regulation, further contribute to overall well-being, making it a holistic choice for pet care.

At Venttura, we have Lacto+, a supplement specifically designed to support lactation and overall health in nursing dogs. This holistic formula contains Shatavari as a key ingredient, known for its ability to enhance milk production and maternal well-being. By providing essential nutrients and promoting hormonal balance, Lacto+ ensures that nursing mothers can nourish their puppies effectively while maintaining their own strength and vitality.

 

Lacto+ - https://venttura.com/products/milk-booster-for-nursing-dogs

 

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