The Role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in Companion Animal Health
Introduction
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha; family Solanaceae), commonly referred to as Indian ginseng or winter cherry, has been a key medicinal herb in Ayurveda and other indigenous medical systems for more than 3000 years, where it has been used to manage a wide range of ailments. The Sanskrit name ashwagandha literally translates to “smell of a horse,” likely derived from the characteristic odoor of its roots, which is said to resemble that of a sweaty horse [1]. The plant's roots are frequently utilized due to their broad range of therapeutic advantages and their role as a potent adaptogen. Ashwagandha is remarkably multi-functional, impacting several systems such as the reproductive, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Additionally, it is well-recognized for its ability to diminish stress reactions in both human and animal subjects [2]. Found naturally throughout the more arid regions of subtropical India, Withania somnifera is prevalent in states such as Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and the Punjab plains, as well as northwestern areas including Rajasthan and Gujarat [3].This shrubby species is also distributed across several regions of the world, particularly in East Asian and African countries. Within East Asia, this revitalizing herb is cultivated in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Pakistan [4]. Analysis of Withania somnifera root powder revealed a variety of phytochemical components, confirming the existence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, tannins, starch, and carbohydrates. The specific constituents identified vary by extraction method, the aqueous extract contains active compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and amino acids, whereas the ethanolic extract shows the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, starch, glycosides, phenolics, alkaloids, and saponins [5]. Furthermore, research indicates that the aqueous extract of the plant is characterized by the presence of reducing substances, tannins, flavonoids, polyphenol compounds, glycosides, cardenolides, and saponins [6]. The primary bioactive components of this plant include alkaloids such as anaferine and isopelletierine, as well as steroidal lactones like withaferins and withanolides. Additionally, it contains specific saponins that feature an extra acyl group, namely sitoindoside VII and VIII, along with sitoindoside IX and X, which are withanolides characterized by a glucose molecule at the carbon-27 position [7].
The diverse array of these bioactive constituents allows Withania somnifera to interact with multiple physiological pathways simultaneously. By leveraging this complex phytochemical profile, Ashwagandha offers a broad spectrum of therapeutic benefits for pets, ranging from cellular protection to systemic disease management. The following sections detail the evidence-based applications of this ancient herb in modern veterinary health.
Benefits of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)
Antioxidant and Cellular Protective Effects
In dogs and cats, oxidative stress is closely associated with aging, chronic disease, and physiological stress, leading to impaired cellular function and reduced organ resilience. Enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses has therefore become an important supportive approach in veterinary clinical management.
The body’s antioxidant defense system serves as a vital physiological shield, helping to counteract the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [16]. Key enzymes within this system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione, work to neutralize hazardous free radicals that could otherwise cause cellular and tissue damage. Research has demonstrated that Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) has the capacity to strengthen these protective barriers by boosting the efficiency of antioxidant systems [17, 18]. Notably, treatment with Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) lowered the lipid peroxidation marker MDA and mitigated general stress-induced oxidative damage, as demonstrated by the regulation of catalase, GSH, and SOD levels. These findings suggest that the withanolides found in ARE play a significant role. Among these, Withaferin A is recognized as one of the most potent withanolides in Ashwagandha, displaying strong antioxidant properties against pathological oxidative stress across several preclinical studies [19, 20]. Research has documented the antioxidant capabilities of a hydro-alcoholic Withania somnifera root extract in elderly dogs suffering from liver impairment. In this study, fifty geriatric canines were split into two groups: the experimental group was administered the extract alongside standard therapy for 28 days, whereas the control group was given only the standard therapy. Following the treatment period, the experimental group exhibited substantial improvement in antioxidant markers; specifically, levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) returned toward baseline values, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) decreased relative to initial levels. These results suggest that the hydro-alcoholic root extract of Withania somnifera provides notable antioxidant protection for senior dogs with hepatic dysfunction [26]. In a separate randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving aging dogs, it was shown that Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) notably improved essential antioxidant markers. The subjects administered ARE exhibited significant changes in their levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde by days 30 and 60, which reflects a strengthened antioxidant defense and a decrease in oxidative stress. These results indicate that ARE promotes cellular protection in geriatric dogs through its ability to scavenge free radicals [40]. In a research study involving felines revealed that a 30-days of oral Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) provides significant antioxidant protection. Compared to a placebo, the administration of ARE led to a marked decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while substantially boosting critical internal defenses, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase. These findings suggest that ARE is an effective tool for reducing oxidative stress and reinforcing the natural antioxidant framework in cats [21]. Studies indicates that Withania somnifera and its identified constituents, such as withaferin A and sitoindosides VII-X, act as antioxidants by increasing the levels of enzymatic antioxidants like catalase and superoxide dismutase [8]. These bioactive principles found in the plant's aqueous extract are responsible for its antioxidant properties [9].
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects
The therapeutic application of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in veterinary medicine is largely attributed to its potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In both canine and feline physiology, systemic inflammation is often the underlying driver of degenerative conditions, particularly in aging populations.
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects primarily through its bioactive withanolides, particularly withaferin A [41].Stress-induced inflammation can initiate a cascade of pathological events, potentially resulting in both acute and chronic tissue damage [22]. Key cytokines involved in chronic inflammation and stress include IFN-γ and TNF-α, whose elevated levels are linked to increased stress and the progression of disease pathology [23]. In contrast, IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that typically decreases during heightened inflammatory states [24]. The observed reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α following ARE administration demonstrates its anti-inflammatory effects, while the modulation of IL-10 levels further indicates a general decrease in inflammation [21]. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving elderly dogs, researchers observed a significant drop in various inflammatory markers after the administration of ARE. By the 60-day mark, there were notable decreases in levels of interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and interleukin-10 relative to the placebo group. These results suggest that ARE possesses comprehensive anti-inflammatory properties by lowering both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, which may help manage age-related inflammation in canine populations [40]. Research involving feline subjects demonstrated that the oral consumption of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) led to notable anti-inflammatory outcomes. Following a 30-day period, cats receiving ARE exhibited a substantial reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10. Furthermore, the study noted a significant downregulation of the signaling markers NF-κB and Nrf-2 when compared to the control group. These results suggest that ARE is a capable modulator of inflammatory pathways and could serve as a secure, effective anti-inflammatory option for cats [21]. In a separate study involving seven senior dogs, a combination of herbal extracts, including Withania somnifera, was administered for 40 days. The supplementation led to a decrease in inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-10), enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced lipid peroxidation, and promoted beneficial gut bacteria. These findings indicate that W. somnifera may be effective in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in aging dogs [42].
Adaptogenic and Anti-Stress Effects
As a vital stress hormone, cortisol is central to managing the body's physiological reaction to stress [21]. While it is essential for regulating metabolic functions, elevated cortisol levels, often triggered by acute or chronic pathological conditions, can cause significant disruptions through increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, a sustained elevation of this hormone is recognized as a primary driver in the development of obesity [21, 25].Both humans and animals are constantly exposed to stressful situations during their daily routines. Biologically, stress is the body's reaction to exceptional circumstances known as stressors, which jeopardize its natural state of homeostasis [2, 28]. The impact of stress can be detrimental to various physiological systems and can elevate the risk of illness, depending on the nature of the stressor and the specific response of the individual. Dogs experience stress and anxiety similarly to humans, although their sign are often harder to identify. Frequent stressors documented in canines include transportation [29], confinement or social isolation [30], and high intensity noise [31]. Conditions such as noise aversion and separation anxiety negatively impact canine welfare and the relationship between humans and their pets. Anxiety is defined as a reaction to a perceived or anticipated threat or state of uncertainty. In dogs, this manifests through physiological indicators like elevated heart and respiratory rates, shaking, excessive drooling, or digestive issues. Behavioral markers include restlessness, pacing, circling, or remaining unusually close to a person or another animal. Additionally, changes in appetite, such as a complete refusal to eat, serve as indicators of distress [32]. Consistent exposure to these anxiety triggers can deteriorate a dog's physical, mental, and social well being, ultimately diminishing their overall quality of life [33]. Research within the United States indicates that 10.3% of dogs suffer from specific phobias or anxieties, 14% face separation anxiety, and 22% demonstrate aggression toward people rooted in fear [34]. Prolonged anxiety and chronic stress are known to elevate cortisol levels in canines. To evaluate these stress levels, the urine cortisol to creatinine ratio (UCCr) is utilized as a diagnostic tool [35]. This measurement is sensitive enough to detect physiological stress resulting from common daily occurrences, such as traveling in a vehicle. Research involving human subjects has established the calming and stress-reducing benefits of Ashwagandha root extract [36, 37]. These findings offer preliminary support for the application of this extract to manage anxiety and stress in canines. In one study, dogs receiving Ashwagandha root extract exhibited a notable 26% decrease in their urine cortisol to creatinine ratio (UCCr) after four weeks, which indicates a substantial reduction in their physiological stress response. The adaptogenic and anti-stress characteristics of Ashwagandha have been thoroughly investigated using various animal models [38]. Furthermore, in equine studies, Ashwagandha root extract demonstrated statistically significant benefits, including antioxidant, hemopoietic, immune-stimulant, and adaptogenic effects [39]. The well established adaptogenic properties of Ashwagandha were validated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving geriatric dogs, which showed a substantial decrease in serum cortisol. Canines administered Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) demonstrated a significant decline in cortisol concentrations (p < 0.001), indicating enhanced regulation of the stress response. This ability to lower cortisol levels underscores the role of ARE in fostering physiological resilience and mitigating stress reactions in senior dogs. The results of this research indicate that Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) functions as an adaptogen in healthy senior dogs by improving biochemical and haematological profiles, strengthening antioxidant defenses, lowering stress, and regulating inflammatory pathways [40]. Research involving sixteen healthy cats examined the impact of oral Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) on stress levels. The subjects received either a placebo or ARE at a dosage of 15 mg/kg for a duration of one month while being exposed to various stressors. Those treated with the extract showed a significant decrease in serum cortisol concentrations (p < 0.001) in comparison to the placebo group, which highlights the potent adaptogenic and anti-stress properties of the supplement. Furthermore, the cats exhibited good tolerance to the treatment, with no reported adverse side effects [21]. Another research was conducted to examine the adaptogenic properties of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract in domestic dogs suffering from anxiety and stress. This four week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 24 dogs that were administered either a placebo or a daily dose of 15 mg/kg of the extract. The researchers assessed several metrics, including the urine cortisol to creatinine ratio (UCCr), CBARQ behavioral assessments, the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), and overall body condition.The results showed significant progress across several areas. Dogs treated with Ashwagandha experienced a substantial drop in urinary cortisol levels and a measurable decline in fear and anxiety-related behaviors according to CBARQ scores when compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, the study noted significant reductions in both pain severity and how much pain interfered with daily life. The supplement was well tolerated by all subjects with no negative side effects. Ultimately, the findings indicate that a four week regimen of Ashwagandha root extract effectively lowers physiological stress, enhances behavioral responses, and supports the general well being of stressed dogs [2].
Hepatoprotective and Renal Support Properties
Located between the portal and systemic circulation, the liver is the primary organ for metabolizing both endogenous and exogenous substances, resulting in a gradual decline in function as aging occurs [27]. Common age-related alterations in the hepatobiliary system include a decrease in hepatocyte count and an increase in hepatic fibrosis. This structural distortion interferes with blood flow, which prevents the liver from performing many of its essential functions [26]. The administration of ARE led to enhancements in critical biochemical indicators of renal and hepatic health. By the 30th and 60th days, the dogs receiving ARE exhibited significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, globulin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen when compared to the placebo group. These findings indicate that ARE could assist in preserving superior liver and kidney function within the aging canine population [40]. In cats subjected to stress, oral administration of Ashwagandha root extract preserved liver enzyme values (ALP, ALT, AST) within normal ranges while producing a significant rise in serum total protein and albumin concentrations, indicating enhanced hepatic synthetic capacity. Although the investigation did not involve an experimental model of liver injury, the results suggest that Ashwagandha contributes to maintaining liver stability during physiological stress and supports its potential hepatoprotective role [21]. The hepatoprotective efficacy of a hydro-alcoholic Withania somnifera root extract was evaluated in elderly dogs diagnosed with hepatic dysfunction. In this study, fifty geriatric canines were randomly allocated to two groups: one group received standard therapy supplemented with W. somnifera root extract for 28 consecutive days, while the control group was treated with standard therapy alone. Following treatment, dogs in the supplemented group showed marked improvements in liver-related biochemical markers, including significant reductions in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as increases in serum albumin, total protein, and cholesterol levels compared with baseline measurements. These outcomes support the hepatoprotective role of hydro-alcoholic Withania somnifera root extract in geriatric dogs with liver impairment [26]. Research indicates that W. somnifera root powder exerts a hepatoprotective effect by modulating liver markers and lipid peroxidation products during cases of experimental hyperammonemia. In a study where rats were given 500 mg/kg of the extract three times a week for eight weeks, they demonstrated significantly reduced levels of circulating ammonia, urea, AST, ALT, ALP, and
TBARS compared to a group induced with hyperammonemia via ammonium chloride. The herb's ability to protect the liver is linked to its antioxidant properties, its capacity to stabilize urea compounds, and the presence of bioactive constituents like flavonoids, withanolides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds [10].
Joint Health and Osteoarthritis Management
Among the various conditions affecting senior canines, osteoarthritis stands out as a major issue, contributing to chronic pain in approximately 20% of the older dog population, with both middle-aged and elderly animals facing higher risk [43]. If this condition is not managed comprehensively, pets may be unable to engage in normal exercise such as swimming, running, or walking, which can lead to permanent joint degradation [44]. Current management strategies for osteoarthritis typically utilize a multimodal framework, which includes weight management, exercise modification, nutritional interventions, physical therapy, and the administration of analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or nutraceuticals [45]. Research on senior canines suffering from debilitating osteoarthritis reveals that integrating Ashwagandha into a multimodal treatment plan can markedly enhance joint performance and alleviate pain. In a study comparing different protocols, dogs that received a combination of Carprofen, TENS therapy, and Ashwagandha exhibited more significant progress in joint flexibility, weight distribution, lameness reduction, and pain scores than those treated with joint supplements, steroids, and diathermy. This superior outcomes in the Ashwagandha group is credited to its high concentration of withanolides, which provide potent anti-inflammatory benefits that mitigate joint swelling and distress with a lower risk of the adverse effects typically associated with chronic steroid or NSAID administration. Ultimately, these results suggest that Ashwagandha, particularly when paired with physical therapies such as TENS, provides substantial value for managing osteoarthritis in elderly dogs by improving their ability to move, lowering pain levels, and promoting long joint health [44]. Research also indicates that the oral intake of Withania somnifera root powder mitigates the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in rat models. When administered at a dosage of 600 mg/kg, the arthritic subjects experienced a notable reduction in ankle inflammation and paw thickness. Furthermore, the treatment led to positive shifts in body weight, radiological assessments, and motor performance. The data suggests that the root powder of W. somnifera possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that shield against experimental arthritis in rats [51].
Antidiabetic and Metabolic Effects
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming an increasingly significant metabolic syndrome in canines due to its wasting effects (cachexia) and terminal impact on multiple organ systems. Similar to the condition in humans, clinical diabetes in dogs is characterized by weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia. The primary drivers behind the rising frequency of DM in the canine population include inbreeding, genetic factors, a lack of physical activity, changing dietary habits, and obesity [46, 47]. Senior female dogs face a higher risk compared to males, likely because of hormonal characteristics that result in insulin resistance [48]. Within the canine population, clinical diabetes mellitus manifests as blood glucose levels exceeding the renal threshold, typically
between 180 and 220 mg/dl, with untreated pancreatitis serving as a primary cause. Before the clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus appear, there is a prediabetic phase known as subclinical diabetes in both dogs and humans [49, 50]. Research involving dogs with subclinical diabetes assessed the anti-diabetic and antioxidant capabilities of Withania somnifera. The dogs that received Ashwagandha supplements exhibited improvement in both diabetic biomarkers and markers of oxidative stress, which suggests that the extract aided in decreasing oxidative damage and decelerated the advancement of early-stage diabetes. While the most robust results were observed in the groups receiving N-acetylcysteine or a combination of treatments, Ashwagandha independently proved effective in regulating oxidative imbalances associated with subclinical diabetes [50]. In an evaluation of Withania somnifera, researchers identified significant flavonoid concentrations in both root and leaf extracts. The study utilized alloxan-induced diabetic rats over an eight-week period to assess the extracts' hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic capabilities. The diabetic test subjects originally presented with elevated blood glucose, urine sugar, HbA1C, and G6P, as well as increased serum and tissue lipids and higher liver enzyme activity (AST, ALT, ACP, and ALP). These subjects also suffered from reduced levels of liver glycogen, tissue protein, albumin, total protein, haemoglobin, and a lowered A:G ratio. Upon oral administration of the extracts, every disrupted biochemical parameter shifted back toward baseline levels, showing effectiveness comparable to the reference drug glibenclamide. The data reveals that both leaf and root extracts of Withania somnifera exert substantial hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [52].
Hematological Improvements and Immune Cell Modulation
Studies in other species suggest that Withania somnifera may support blood cell production, indicating potential benefits for improving blood health in dogs and cats.
Research has shown that supplementing the drinking water of broiler chicks with an aqueous extract of Withania somnifera leads to marked improvements in their hematological profiles. Birds treated with the extract exhibited elevated levels of packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), and total leukocyte count (TLC) in comparison to the control group. Despite these increases, the study found no significant alterations in differential leukocyte counts, including monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. These results imply that adding W. somnifera to the diet can enhance the physiological condition and blood health of broiler chickens [11]. A study in humans reported that supplementing the diets of young male hockey players with Withania somnifera resulted in a notable rise in hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. This study involved thirty-two subjects, with an average age of 17.4 ± 1.7 years, who were divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving 500 mg of root extract twice a day for eight weeks and a placebo group receiving starch capsules. At the end of the two-month period, the experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in hemoglobin levels relative to their starting values, whereas the placebo group experienced no meaningful change [12]. Research conducted in ruminants indicates that oral supplementation of Withania somnifera at a dosage of 10 gm twice daily for one week resulted in a marked rise in total serum immunoglobulins among calves. Furthermore, buffalo calves suffering from diarrhea that were treated with the plant for seven days exhibited a significant elevation in total leukocyte counts and lymphocyte percentages.
Conversely, this group showed a reduction in levels of eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils [13].
Neuroprotective and Cognitive Support Properties
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related to aging that is defined by a progressive deterioration in memory and learning capabilities. The neurodegenerative traits observed in senior felines and dogs mirror those found in human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A significant hurdle in modern medicine is the identification of neuroprotective treatments capable of altering the course of CCD and AD. Substantial data suggests that oxidative stress and the accumulation of amyloid β peptides are central to the development of both conditions. In both human and canine subjects, oxidative brain damage intensifies as they age. Consequently, natural dietary antioxidants show significant potential for slowing the advancement of these diseases. Withania somnifera (WS), frequently referred to as "Indian ginseng" or ashwagandha in Ayurvedic tradition, has been used historically to improve memory, though comprehensive research into its specific neuroprotective properties remains limited [14]. A research study was conducted to determine if WS extract could provide a defense against the toxicity caused by acrolein and Aβ peptides. The data showed that treating the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH with WS extract offered significant protection against these harmful agents in several cell survival evaluations. Moreover, the administration of WS extract substantially lowered the production of reactive oxygen species in the cells. The study also identified WS extract as a highly effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity. These results suggest that WS extract functions as an antioxidant and a cholinergic modulator, which could provide therapeutic benefits for managing AD and CCD [14].
Another study was conducted on the anticonvulsant properties of W. somnifera extract using mice that were given a minimal dose of pentylenetetrazol to trigger various convulsive stages. It was observed that the application of W. somnifera root extract raised the seizure threshold required for the beginning of tonic extension. Based on these findings, the preparation of W. somnifera root extract proved effective in slowing the progression of seizures during convulsive events [15]. Researchers have also explored how different concentrations and preparations of ashwagandha root extract (AE) influence neuronal plasticity, oxidative stress, and cognitive capabilities in rats subjected to sleep deprivation. The experiment, involving forty-nine rats divided into seven cohorts, revealed that a lack of sleep caused substantial damage to spatial memory, lowered GABA receptor activity, and triggered oxidative stress. A four-week regimen of oral AE with the 8.0% concentration proving most effective led to a marked reduction in MDA, ACTH, CRH, and serum corticosterone levels. Additionally, the treatment improved memory scores and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The study further noted that the extract successfully boosted dopamine and serotonin levels, improved markers of neuronal plasticity, and helped reset GABAergic functions. These results imply that ashwagandha extract offers neuroprotection against cognitive impairment caused by sleep loss by regulating neurotransmitter equilibrium and diminishing oxidative damage, suggesting its utility in treating neurological disorders linked to stress [53].
Gut Health and Microbiome Modulation
The gut microbiome plays a central role in digestion, immune function, and overall health in dogs and cats. Preliminary studies in senior dogs suggest that Withania somnifera root extract may help support intestinal barrier function and modulate the microbiome
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study lasting two months, investigators examined how ARE affects the gastrointestinal health of senior beagle dogs. The study centered on the theory that ARE could improve intestinal barrier function and encourage a balanced microbiome through its documented immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities [54].
Conclusion
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) demonstrates a broad spectrum of biological activities that can support the health and well-being of dogs and cats. Its rich phytochemical composition underlies notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, renal-supportive, neuroprotective, metabolic-regulating, and gut-modulating effects. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies in companion animals suggests that Ashwagandha can help mitigate age- and stress-related physiological changes, enhance cognitive and joint function, modulate immune responses, and support overall systemic resilience. As clinical evidence continues to grow, Ashwagandha stands as a scientifically validated, safe, and effective botanical tool for promoting longevity and maintaining a high quality of life for both dogs and cats.
At Venttura, we offer Flexi+ for Dogs, a joint health supplement specifically formulated to support mobility, flexibility, and overall joint function. This formulation incorporates the potent anti-inflammatory properties of Ashwagandha root extract alongside other synergistic herbs and essential nutrients, carefully selected for their ability to promote long-term mobility, reduce joint distress, and support a healthy joint health.
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